The Graphite Crisis

USITC ruled Chinese active anode material imports do not injure U.S. industry, ending antidumping investigations without trade relief.

Without China, remaining graphite supplies would cover only 35-40% of projected 2035 demand. The worst vulnerability of any energy mineral assessed.

China announced export permits on graphite, escalating the U.S.-China technology rivalry. The move sent shockwaves through battery and defense supply chains.